- Industry: Oil & gas
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A highly anionic polymer used to deflocculate clay-based muds. Lignosulfonate is a byproduct of the sulfite method for manufacturing paper from wood pulp. Sometimes it is called sulfonated lignin. Lignosulfonate is a complex mixture of small- to moderate-sized polymeric compounds with sulfonate groups attached to the molecule. LS became a popular deflocculant in the late 1950s as a replacement for quebracho. Chromium and iron compounds were admixed to get stability benefits at higher temperature. These were called chrome lignosulfonates (CLS) and ferro-chrome lignosulfonates (FCLS). There is less chrome is in most CLS than in the past (now about 2. 5 to 3 %), and chrome-free products are available.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of seven hydrated forms of SiO<sub>2</sub>, including the following silicic acids: tetra, H<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub>, meta-di, H<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, meta-tri, H<sub>4</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>, meta, H<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>, ortho-tri, H<sub>8</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>, ortho-di, H<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> and ortho, H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>. The latter formula is often written as Si(OH)<sub>4</sub>. Silicic acids and silicate anions polymerize through formation of multiple Si-O-Si bonds. The polysilic structure can be linear or cyclic and is not uniform in size.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of salts formed by neutralization of phosphorous or phosphoric acid with a base, such as NaOH or KOH. Orthophosphates are phosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>) salts, where 1, 2 or 3 of the hydrogen ions are neutralized. Neutralization with NaOH gives three sodium orthophosphates: (a) monosodium phosphate (MSP), (b) disodium phosphate (DSP) or (c) trisodium phosphate (TSP). Their solutions are buffers in the 4. 6 to 12 pH range. TSP is an excellent degreaser. All will precipitate hardness ions such as calcium. Polyphosphates are polymers made from various orthophosphates by dehydration with heat. Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) is a clay deflocculant and treatment for cement contamination. For clay deflocculation, polyphosphates are limited by the temperature at which they hydrolyze back to orthophosphates, although several that performed up to 280掳F (138掳C) have been documented in the literature (see reference). <br><br>Reference:<br>Sikorski CF and Weintritt DJ: "Polyphosphate Drilling-Mud Thinners Deserve Second Look," Oil & Gas Journal 81, no. 27 (July 4, 1983): 71-78.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of organic chemicals with the general formula RCO<sup>-</sup>NH<sub>2</sub> formed from reactions of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) and a carboxylic acid, RCOO<sup>-</sup>H<sup>+</sup>. "R" groups range from hydrogen to various linear and ring structures. Amides and polyamides are emulsifiers and surfactants, many of which are made from fatty acids.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of organic chemicals that are analogs of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), in which either one, two or three hydrogen atoms of ammonia are replaced by organic radicals. General formulas are: (1) primary amines, RNH<sub>2</sub>, (2) secondary amines, R<sub>1</sub>R<sub>2</sub>NH, (3) tertiary amines, R<sub>1</sub>R<sub>2</sub>R<sub>3</sub>N and quaternary amines, R<sub>1</sub>R<sub>2</sub>R<sub>3</sub> R<sub>4</sub>N<sup>+</sup>X (where X represents an anion). Amines are organic bases (mildly alkaline) and react with acids to form nitrogenous, organic salts. Amines made from fatty acids are emulsifiers and oil-wetting agents for oilfield chemicals.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of mud additives specifically designed to lower the volume of filtrate that passes through a filter medium. Specific materials are available for all types of water- and oil-base mud systems and are evaluated in static filtration tests or in various dynamic filtration tests.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of minerals and inorganic compounds made up of iron that is in +2 (ferrous) and +3 (ferric) valence states and oxygen in the -2 valence state, such as ferrous oxide, FeO, and ferric oxide, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> is a mixture of ferric oxide and ferrous oxide that commonly occurs in a fine-grained, magnetic crystalline form. Hematite, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, the most common iron oxide, exists in several crystalline forms. Other forms of hematite are too abrasive to use as weighting material in drilling fluids.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of high-viscosity or solid hydrocarbons obtained from naturally occurring deposits or from the residue of petroleum refining, commonly used as additives for oil-base and water-base muds. Molten asphalt can be further processed by heating and passing air through the melt to oxidize and polymerize its components. Cooled, air-blown asphalt is glassy and can be ground. It has a high softening point and polar sites that offer emulsion-stabilizing qualities and affinity for clays and shales.
Industry:Oil & gas
A group of compounds containing iron in +2 (ferrous) and +3 (ferric) valence states and sulfur in -2 (sulfide) valence states. Examples are ferric sulfide (Fe<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>), ferrous sulfide (FeS) and iron disulfide (FeS<sub>2</sub>, which is found in the minerals marcasite and pyrite). Fe<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> and FeS<sub>2</sub> are insoluble, but FeS dissolves in alkaline muds to form a gelatinous solid, Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub>, and soluble S<sup>-2</sup> ions. FeS is the primary component in the mineral pyrrhotite, one of many possible sources of sulfides in water mud. Pyrrhotite might also coexist with BaSO<sub>4</sub> in some barite ores. Even in trace amounts, FeS in a barite supply could generate enough sulfides in a weighted mud system to cause stress-corrosion cracking of drillpipe. <br><br>Reference:<br>Binder GG, Carlton LA and Garrett RL: "Evaluating Barite as a Source of Soluble Carbonate and Sulfide Contamination in Drilling Fluids," Journal of Petroleum Technology 33, no. 12 (December 1981): 2371-2376. <br><br>Garrett RL: "Quality Requirements for Industrial Minerals Used in Drilling Fluids," Mining Engineering 39, no. 11 (November 1987): 1011-1016.
Industry:Oil & gas
A graduated cup used to take samples and to crudely measure volumes of mud for testing at the rig. A mud cup is used primarily with the Marsh funnel to measure one quart of flow out of the funnel. It is also used as a container for performing simple pilot tests with an electric mixer that clamps onto the top of the cup.
Industry:Oil & gas
